Nanga bwanji za thumba la pepala la kraft m'zaka za m'ma 1800?

Nanga bwanji za thumba la pepala la kraft m'zaka za m'ma 1800?

Kale m'zaka za m'ma 1800, asanafike masitolo akuluakulu, anthu ankagula zinthu zawo zonse za tsiku ndi tsiku m'sitolo yogulitsa zakudya pafupi ndi komwe ankagwira ntchito kapena kukhala. Ndi vuto kugulitsa zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ogula akangotumizidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa zakudya m'migolo, matumba a nsalu kapena mabokosi amatabwa. Anthu ankangopita kukagula zinthu ndi mabasiketi kapena matumba a nsalu zopangidwa kunyumba. Panthawiyo, zinthu zopangira mapepala zinali zidakali ulusi wa jute ndi mutu wakale wa nsalu, zomwe zinali zochepa komanso zosakwanira, ndipo sizikanatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosindikizira manyuzipepala. Cha m'ma 1844, Mjeremani Friedrich Kohler adapanga njira yopangira mapepala a matabwa, yomwe idalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha makampani opanga mapepala ndipo mwanjira ina idayambitsa malonda oyamba.chikwama cha pepala cha kraftm'mbiri.

Mu 1852, Francis Waller, katswiri wa zomera wa ku America, adapanga chomera choyamba cha zomera.chikwama cha pepala cha kraftmakina opangira, omwe kenako adakwezedwa ku France, Britain ndi mayiko ena aku Europe. Pambuyo pake, plywood idabadwamatumba a mapepala a kraftndi kupita patsogolo kwachikwama cha pepala cha kraftUkadaulo wosoka unapangitsa kuti matumba a thonje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula katundu wambiri alowe m'malo mwamatumba a mapepala a kraft.

Ponena za choyambachikwama cha pepala chofiirira cha kraftPogula zinthu, idabadwa mu 1908 ku St. Paul, Minnesota. Walter Duverna, mwini sitolo yogulitsira zakudya yakomweko, anayamba kufunafuna njira zopezera makasitomala kuti agule zinthu zambiri nthawi imodzi kuti awonjezere malonda. Duverna ankaganiza kuti chikhala chikwama chokonzedwa kale chomwe chinali chotsika mtengo komanso chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo chingathe kunyamula makilogalamu osachepera 75. Pambuyo poyesa mobwerezabwereza, adzakhala ngati chinthu cha loko iyi ya chikwama papepala lofiirira la kraft, chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wautali wa matabwa a conifer, pophika pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a chemistry, imakonza mankhwala a caustic soda ndi alcali sulfide pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya ulusi woyambirira wa matabwa ikhale yochepa, motero imapangidwa ndi pepala, imalumikizana kwambiri ndi ulusi, pepala ndi lolimba, limatha kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kupsinjika popanda kusweka. Patatha zaka zinayi, yoyamba idapangidwa.chikwama cha pepala chofiirira cha kraftidapangidwira kugula. Ili ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi pansi ndipo ili ndi kukula kwakukulu kuposa kalembedwe ka Vchikwama cha pepala cha kraftChingwe chimadutsa pansi ndi m'mbali mwa thumba kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu yake yonyamula katundu, ndipo zokoka ziwiri zosavuta kugwira zimapangidwa pamwamba pa thumba. Duverna adatcha thumba loguliralo dzina lake ndipo adalipatsa patent mu 1915. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, matumba opitilira miliyoni imodzi anali kugulitsidwa pachaka.

Kuwoneka kwa bulaunimatumba a mapepala a kraftyasintha maganizo akale akuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe munthu angagule kumangodalira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe angathe kunyamula m'manja onse awiri, komanso yapangitsa kuti ogula asamadandaulenso kuti sanganyamule, zomwe zimachepetsa chisangalalo chogula zinthuzo. Kungakhale kukokomeza kunena kutichikwama cha pepala chofiirira cha kraftmalonda onse adakweza, koma zidavumbulutsa mabizinesi kuti sizingatheke kuneneratu kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe ogula adzagula mpaka kugula kutakhala kosavuta, komasuka komanso kosavuta momwe zingathere. Ndi mfundo imeneyi yomwe imapangitsa omwe akubwera mtsogolo kuyika kufunika kwa kugula kwa ogula, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha madengu akuluakulu ndi ngolo yogulira zinthu pambuyo pake.

M'zaka makumi asanu zotsatira, kukula kwa bulauni kunayamba.pepala lopangidwa ndi kraft matumba ogulira zinthuTinganene kuti ndi yosalala, kusintha kwa zinthuzo kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu zake zonyamulira ziwonjezeke nthawi zonse, mawonekedwe ake akhala okongola kwambiri, opanga adasindikiza mitundu yonse ya zizindikiro, mapangidwe pa matumba a pepala la bulauni la kraft, m'masitolo ndi m'masitolo m'misewu. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, kuonekera kwa matumba ogulira apulasitiki kunakhala kusintha kwakukulu m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha matumba ogulira. Ndi yopyapyala, yolimba komanso yotsika mtengo kupanga zabwino monga thumba la pepala la bulauni la kraft lomwe kale linali lodziwika bwino. Kuyambira pamenepo, matumba apulasitiki akhala chisankho choyamba chogwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe matumba a chikopa cha ng'ombe pang'onopang'ono "abwerera ku mzere wachiwiri".

Pomaliza, zathachikwama cha pepala chofiirira cha kraftingagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha m'dzina la "kukumbukira zakale", "chilengedwe" ndi "chitetezo cha chilengedwe" pazinthu zochepa zosamalira khungu, zovala ndi mabuku, ma CD a zinthu zomvetsera ndi makanema.

Koma chizolowezi chapadziko lonse chotsutsana ndi pulasitiki chikubwezeretsa chidwi cha oteteza chilengedwe ku zakalechikwama cha pepala chofiirira cha kraftKuyambira mu 2006, McDonald's China yakhala ikupereka pang'onopang'ono makina otetezera kutentha.chikwama cha pepala chofiirira cha kraftchakudya chotengera m'masitolo ake onse, m'malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki. Izi zavomerezedwa ndi ogulitsa ena, monga Nike ndi Adidas, omwe kale anali ogula kwambiri matumba apulasitiki, ndipo akulowa m'malo mwa matumba apulasitiki ndi mapepala apamwamba a bulauni.